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Gran Colombia is a term used by historians to refer to the Republic of Colombia established between 1819 and 1831. It is used to avoid confusion with the current Republic of Colombia. Gran Colombia was formed by Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador and Panama.

The pink tide (or the Left Turn) in Latin America, refers to the wave of victories of left-wing candidates in the presidential elections of several Latin American countries at the beginning of the 21st century. We usually consider that it started in 1998, with the victory of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela. When he was elected, the left was only in power in Cuba in the region.